A three-bell campanario sits atop Hacienda La Capilla. The bells of this old c
ampanario ("belfry") are still rung by hand. I picked this photo to start my posting because the Spanish meaning of
La Capilla is "the chapel". To find this 18th century hacienda, I led three carloads of expats into the countryside southeast of Guadalajara. To locate
La Capilla on a Google map,
click here.
I started organizing these adventures about ten years ago. To date, we have visited more than one hundred old haciendas. Eventually, we began to call ourselves
Cazadores de Haciendas (Hacienda Hunters). Embroidered patches and t-shirts followed, soon thereafter. Some of the
Cazadores are long-time veterans of these adventures, but I always try to save a few seats for newcomers.
Most sites we have visited are located in
Jalisco, but some are in neighboring states such as
Michoacan, Nayarit, Aguascalientes, and
Zacatecas. Others are as far away as
Yucatan. If you check out the "Haciendas" section in the blog's Index of Topics, you can find some of our previous adventures.
The Cura of La Capilla del Refugio
The Cowboy Priest of La Capilla del Refugio.
Señor Cura Rodrigo Aranda Garcia was our guide and, as you can see, he is quite an interesting character.
Padre Rodrigo has only been
cura (Catholic priest) of
La Capilla for a couple of years. He replaced the previous
cura, who was killed in an unfortunate auto accident in 2017.
Asked about his striking attire, he said that he grew up riding horses, although he doesn't ride anymore. One of his old saddles is displayed in the hacienda.
Padre Rodrigo told us that he was the "crazy one" among his siblings, which somewhat explains his striking appearance. He has traveled widely and showed us a photo of himself dressed in a Peruvian poncho in the countryside of Italy.
Prior to meeting the
padre, we had encountered some of the local women affiliated with the church. When we asked them how to access the hacienda, they assured us that the priest would be glad to let us in. However, they warned us that we might find him a bit "unusual". Apparently, his flamboyant ways at first startled the
pueblo's people and it took a little time to get used to him. However, they soon warmed to him because of his friendliness, approachability, and down- to-earth attitude.
The Casa Grande and Capilla
The campanario sits atop the casa grande, or "big house" that faces the pueblo's plaza. The six arched
portales support a covered, open-air arcade along the front of the building. This architectural feature is typical of
casas grandes. The half-walls and bars between the
portale arches are modern additions, added for security. Originally, the spaces separated by the columns were open.
The local women told us that the
cura was at his uncle's house around the corner. Since they said he was having breakfast, I was a bit reluctant to disturb him. However, the women marched us right into the house and up to the table. My cousin Terry speaks excellent Spanish and was able to convey our interest in touring the hacienda. As his parishioners had assured us,
Padre Rodrigo was very friendly, open, and casual. He promised to meet us back at the
casa grande as soon as he finished his meal.
Interior of the casa grande's arcade. One of the
portales can be seen on the left. The barred door on the right is the entry to the dining room, which I will show later. The large door in the middle is the entrance to the
capilla. The vast majority of haciendas have a
capilla attached or adjacent to the
casa grande. The position of the entrance to the
capilla at one end of the
casa grande's arcade is typical of many I have visited.
After the 1910 Revolution, most of Mexico's haciendas were broken up and the lands distributed to the
campesinos (farmworkers). Since it was the land that enabled the upkeep of the buildings, the owners sometimes abandoned them. Often, the structures were left to crumble into ruins. However, other hacienda structures were sometimes converted to other uses, such as a school, orphanage, or city hall. The
capillas were nearly always carefully preserved and often became the church of the newly formed
pueblo.
The old capilla is still in use. We quietly observed from the entrance, where I took this photo. Some of the parishioners were praying when we arrived. . Notice the flowered streamers from a recent fiesta. A few years ago, the previous
cura organized the construction of a much larger church next door. When we toured the new church, we found it empty, while the old
capilla had people in most of its pews.
Although many
capillas are quite small, they may be extravagantly decorated in 17th, 18th, or 19th century styles. They were built to serve the
hacendado (owner), his family and guests. Other hacienda residents worshipping here might have included the administrator and some of the staff who lived on the property. Usually the bulk of a hacienda's workforce resided in a village a few miles away, which often had its own church. While some of the biggest and richest haciendas have
capillas capable of holding substantial congregations, these are the exceptions. Most
capillas that I've seen are about the size of the one above.
The Cura's Quarters and Patio
The rear of the casa grande has been converted into the cura's residence. I was standing on the steps of the new church when I took this shot. The two doorways on the right are entrances to his bedroom. The third doorway from the right is the kitchen entry. The little patio area in the foreground was decorated with plants, old farm implements, and a fountain.
The
casas grandes of most haciendas are one-story structures. A few I have visited had two stories, but almost none are taller than that. Even so, the structures are often large, in terms of the area that they cover. The most common architectural plan is a square built around an open courtyard. The offices, bedrooms, kitchen, dining room and household storage areas are usually located along one of the four sides of the square, facing inward to the courtyard. Often there will be an interior arcade with
portales along one or more sides of the courtyard.
Antique farm equipment decorates the garden. This 19th or early 20th century implement probably had something to do with crop cultivation. Old equipment like this can be found lying around many abandoned sites. In the places where the casa grande has been restored, they are often used for decoration.
According to
Padre Rodrigo, the hacienda's earliest use was for raising cattle. This fits with my knowledge of the early economic history of Jalisco. The 16th and 17th century epidemics, brought by the conquistadors, rapidly swept through the indigenous communities. The result was a population crash of as much as 90% of the indigenous community. This caused an acute labor shortage that made large-scale farming impractical in many areas.
At about the same time, huge herds of feral cattle began roaming the broad, grassy valleys. The cattle, like the diseases, had been brought from Spain. Inevitably, some escaped. With plentiful food and few predators, the cattle population exploded. Unlike farming, ranching required only a few skilled men to round up wild cattle and drive them to market. The growing colonial city of Guadalajara and the mining communities of Zacatecas were hungry for the meat. In addition, leather from the cowhides was an all-purpose material, a bit like today's plastic. Among its many uses were belts and shoulder straps, bridles, saddles, and harnesses. Leather was also important in mining machinery.
A quiet, shady garden provides a sense of serenity. Notice how a wagon wheel has been built into the window.
Padre Rodrigo allowed us a moment to enjoy his garden before continuing the tour. He pointed out parts of the new church that were once part of the hacienda's working areas. These included a courtyard that had been the corral for the
hacendado's horses.
The population crash bottomed out around 1750. By 1850 there was again a surplus of labor. Both the indigenous population and the burgeoning mestizo (mixed-race) group were growing rapidly. By that time, the feral herds had been decimated by over-harvesting, causing ranching to decline in importance. The labor surplus meant that large-scale crop cultivation was now possible. Hacienda owners began shifting their focus to grains like wheat, aiming to satisfy the Spanish craving for white bread.
Padre Rodrigo confirmed that this shift also happened at
La Capilla.
Large metal wheel from a 19th century farm implement. Until the last quarter of the 19th century, most haciendas were only marginally profitable, particularly compared to silver mines or the merchant trade. Then, Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz came to power in 1876. His goal was to drag Mexico from a semi-feudal society into the industrial age. To accomplish this, he encouraged foreign investment, particularly in railroads, ports, and telegraph lines.
The railroads, in particular, radically transformed the hacienda economy. Since the conquistadors landed in 1519, the main vehicle for commercial transport had been the
carreta. The two-wheeled cart was pulled by a pair of oxen. This severely limited the possible markets for hacienda products. This was particularly so since most roads were rough dirt tracks. In good weather, a
carreta could cover about 10-15 miles in a day.
Railroad transport meant that products could get to distant markets in hours rather than days or weeks. Port improvements added foreign markets as a possibility. Telegraph communication meant that a
hacendado could quickly determine market conditions in distant locations, prior to dispatching his goods. The profitability of many haciendas skyrocketed. Many in Jalisco began to focus on cash crops such as sugar and agave (for tequila). Some
hacendados began to accumulate vast fortunes, even as the pay of their
campesinos stagnated.
Interior of the Cura's Quarters
The caretaker of the cura's quarters. I have noticed that rural women of this generation often bear a striking similarity in their appearance. Her apron and dark
rebozo (shawl) are almost a uniform. She was shy and soft-spoken, but very sweet. The sudden appearance of a dozen foreigners seemed a bit overwhelming to her. Unfortunately, I was busy with my photography and neglected to write down her name. According to my cousin Terry, she has been the caretaker of the
cura's residence for the last 25 years.
The cura's quarters include the kitchen, bedroom, and dining room. The caretaker told us that this area had formerly been roofed with cane and thatch. Recently, it was remodeled and modernized, while still maintaining the flavor of the old style.
The kitchen of the cura's home was colorfully decorated with talavera pottery. Talavera ceramics are hand painted and follow a tradition that dates back to the medieval Spanish town of
Talavera de la Reina. Cups and plates were arranged in complex designs on the walls. Although beautifully decorated, the kitchen was clean and fully functional. The caretaker clearly takes her job seriously.
A design over the door to the bedroom caught my eye. The horseshoe with the "S" and horizontal bar was the brand mark of the hacienda in its heyday. I have often noticed these kinds of brands at the haciendas I have visited, particularly those with a history of raising horses and cattle. Their use in Mexico dates back to the 1530s.
Soon after livestock became important in
Nueva España (Mexico's colonial name), the owners formed
mestas, or stockmen's associations. The
mesta tradition goes far back into Spain's history. They were quasi-governmental organizations that regulated the trade, set the rules for long-distance drives of livestock, maintained the system of branding to establish ownership, and worked to discourage rustling.
In fact, the whole system and technology that people in the United States call the "cowboy culture" was actually invented in Mexico. It had been in existence for more than 300 years when the first Texan tried on a pair of spurs.
The cura's bedroom. Like the rest of the house, this room is very attractively decorated. The style fits well with the old structure. Although neither
Padre Rodrigo nor his caretaker had any reason to expect visitors, everything was neat and tidy.
Although a
hacendado and his family had quarters in the casa grande, they were usually not permanent residents. Often, they lived in a
casona (mansion) in the nearest large town or city. They would only visit seasonally, or to deal with a problem requiring the
hacendado's attention. The usual practice was to leave the day-to-day operations in the hands of a professional administrator. He either lived in one of the
casa grande's rooms, or occupied his own designated residence nearby. He was usually educated, professional, and well-paid.
The administrator would usually have assistants, known as
mayordomos, who were responsible for supervising the
vaqueros (cowboys) or the
peones (agricultural laborers). The
mayordomos and some of the other staff lived on the hacienda property. These might include maids, gardeners, cooks, blacksmiths, carpenters, etc. They were housed in small, one-room cottages, usually located just outside the wall that surrounded the
casa grande and other key buildings. These live-in workers were called
peones acasilados and their housing was part of their compensation. Day laborers and seasonal workers lived in a village outside the hacienda property, sometimes several miles distant.
The dining room is just off the kitchen. The high ceiling of this room is typical of those you find in the rooms of
casas grandes. The ceiling height, along with the thick adobe walls, helped keep the rooms cool in summer. The decor is also typical. Family photos, religious paintings, and animal skins adorn the walls. The elaborate iron chandelier over the table would have originally carried candles, but now has light bulbs. The
equipal furniture, made of split wood and leather, is a style that dates back to the Aztecs. The Spanish adopted it because it could be easily made using local materials.
The hacendado and his family and guests would have eaten well. In addition to the beef, chicken, and pork raised on the property, there would be fresh bread baked in a beehive-style, wood-fired oven. Adjacent to the casa grande would be a
huerta (garden/orchard) to provide fresh fruits and vegetables. For a change of pace, wild game such as deer, wild pigs, and game birds might be served.
The
peones acasilados had a more limited diet, but it was usually adequate and often better than that of the seasonal workers living in the villages. Regular rations of maiz (corn) were distributed and they often got some of the meat from cattle or other livestock that died on the hacienda. In addition, they might be allowed to grow vegetables in small plots near their cottages. Corn, beans, squash, and occasionally beef or wild game were their usual fare.
A saddle and sombrero complete the dining room's decor. The Mexican saddle is quite similar to saddles of the western US. One of the prime differences is the large pommel, or knob, at the front. This is where a rider could grip the saddle with one hand, or wrap a rope around it when a horse or cow is lassoed. The pommel on a US saddle is usually smaller.
The typical
hacendado and his family were excellent riders and took great pride in their horses. The stable for the family's personal mounts was usually in close proximity to the
casa grande. In addition to horses, the more prosperous
hacendados often owned one or more carriages.
The Cura's "Office"
Padre Rodrigo's "office". The
Padre offered to give us a tour of his office, which he assured us we'd like. It turned out to be a miniature bar, again decorated in the appropriate style.
From the earliest colonial times, many haciendas produced a strong distilled liquor from the maguey plant. One species of this desert plant is called blue agave. It is raised in the area around the town of Tequila, from which one version of the liquor got its name. In colonial times, the Crown maintained a monopoly on the importation of spirits. Resourceful people on the haciendas began to produce their own liquor from a plant long used by the Aztecs.
For centuries before the Spanish arrival, the Aztecs had consumed a mildly alcoholic beverage called
pulque, which they produced from the
maguey plant. No one remembers which Spaniard had the inspiration to distill the fermented maguey into hard liquor, but it probably began as far back as the 16th century. At first, these spirits were only intended for consumption on the hacienda that produced them. However, by the 18th century,
hacendados like
José Cuervo were raising blue agave for tequila as a large-scale cash crop. Thus was born one of the great symbols of Mexican culture. The names of many famous tequila brands come from the original 18th century hacienda families that specialized in blue agave.
Napkin holder, made from old horseshoes. Across from the bar is a rustic wooden table, with hay-bale benches. This napkin holder represents the do-it-yourself resourcefulness typical of the old haciendas. Before the advent of railroads, few manufactured items were readily available. Those that could be obtained were often prohibitively expensive.
The workers residing on a typical hacienda included specialists such as blacksmiths, carpenters, coopers (barrel-makers), and leatherworkers, among others. These were handy folks who could use inexpensive, locally-available materials to produce whatever was needed. Recycling things like old horseshoes into other useful items would have been a normal activity.
This old photo of a small boy next to a large maguey hangs in the bar. On his head, he wears a wide-brimmed, high-crowned, straw sombrero. He is clothed in little more than rags. This was the typical attire of the
peones who performed low-skilled work on the haciendas.
In the early centuries, when labor was scarce, conditions for
peones were better. As the population increased, however, worker bargaining power decreased. Pay levels stagnated during the 18th and 19th centuries, even as the price of goods and services steadily increased. The expansion of the labor force made large-scale hacienda agriculture more profitable and land more valuable.
On the other hand, as indigenous communities grew, they found that the limited land available to them was not sufficient to support their families. As a result they became more and more dependent on seasonal hacienda work.
Hacendados, ever hungry for more arable land, often swindled land from indigenous communities, or obtained it through illegal seizures.
In order to obtain a stable workforce to till their fields,
hacendados used the
tienda de raya (company store) to create a system of debt slavery. Credit was extended to
peones for necessities they bought at the
tienda de raya. A
peon was legally bound to work on the hacienda until his debt was cleared. His death or disability meant his family inherited the debt and work obligations. He could flee, but he would often be captured by the
Rurales (rural police) and returned to the hacienda. There, he would be locked in a jail often located next to the
tienda de raya. Punishment for fleeing one's debts often included whipping and/or working in the fields in chains.
The Hacienda's Out-buildings
The courtyard within the casa grande is quite rustic. The courtyard was originally surrounded on four sides by the rooms of the
casa grande. Two wings of the new church have replaced two of the sides. While the part of the
casa grande facing the plaza, including the
campanario (seen in the background), is plastered, painted, and generally well-kept, the interior courtyard is rather shabby. I took this shot from a 2nd floor church balcony.
Typical activities occurring in the courtyard would have included both work and socializing. The members of the household staff might gather in a space like this to do the washing, shuck corn, do minor household repairs, etc. At other times, the
hacendado would have used this space to entertain guests. No doubt it was in better condition in those days.
Remains of adobe structures can be seen adjacent to the casa grande. This might have been part of the bodega in which the hacienda's produce was stored, along with equipment for cultivation. Adobe buildings were a common feature from the 16th century until well into the 19th, when red clay bricks came into fashion.
Adobe bricks are relatively simple to manufacture from materials readily available in most areas. I observed some being made a few years ago in the remote mountains of the state of Puebla. They are made from mud and straw, mixed with water. Sometimes animal dung is added as a binder. The mixture is placed in a wood frame to dry in the sun. The only cost is for labor.
This wood gate was probably the carriage entrance into the casco. A thick adobe wall usually surrounded the most important buildings of a hacienda. The area within the wall was called the casco, ("helmet"). The name makes sense because a helmet protects the head and brain, and the buildings within a hacienda's casco were truly the nerve center of the whole operation.
The purpose of the casco wall was not just to preserve the hacendado's privacy. From the earliest colonial times, haciendas were the targets of raids, first by fierce indigenous nomads and later by soldiers during the numerous wars of Mexico's turbulent 19th century. Always there was the threat of bandits. Such raids continued into the first third of the 20th century.
The casco walls protected the casa grande, capilla, bodega and the stables for the hacendado's horses. Often a bodega would be the most highly fortified building within the casco, with guard towers on the corners and gun slits for riflemen. All this was necessary because the bodega stored the produce and livestock, which were hacienda's most valuable property.
A crumbling building that was probably a workshop or storage area. Some areas of this adobe structure have been repaired or reinforced with red bricks. In addition, builders often used red brick for door and window frames, which were then covered with plaster. A blacksmith, carpenter, or other craftsman may have used this space as part of their contribution to the hacienda's self-sufficiency.
Local kids in small pueblos are nearly always eager to be photographed. I found this pair hanging out on the plaza during out visit. They immediately agreed to a photo and struck a pose that demonstrates their friendship.
I hope you have enjoyed this visit to
Hacienda La Capilla. If so, please leave any thoughts or questions in the Comments section below, or email me directly. If you leave a question in the Comments section, please be sure to include your email address so that I can respond.
Hasta luego, Jim
A sink and counter space indicate that this was once a kitchen. Both are tiled, along with the wall behind them. I noticed a small chimney on the roof, another clue that this room was used for cooking. Under the tile is plaster and below that is adobe.
The adobe walls of a workroom still contain the holes where the ceiling rafters were inserted. Absent tools or equipment, it is difficult to determine the function of any specific room. However, we know that the area around Guadalajara was devoted primarily to ranching in the early part of the colonial era. Beginning in the 18th century, many haciendas gradually shifted over to agricultural production, primarily maiz and trigo (wheat). The transition to farming gained speed as Guadalajara and other markets grew, and as the labor force recovered from the devastating epidemics of the first 150 years of the colonial period.
