San Blas Part 5: The people, wildlife, and hospitality of Mexcaltitan

A woman poles her canoe in the ancient way as white pelicans drift serenely past. Mexcaltitán is suffused with a tranquil, timeless quality. While some canoes are now motorized, many are still propelled in a way that can't have changed much since 1091 AD when the Aztecs launched their legendary migration from here to the Valley of Mexico. In my last posting, we looked at the layout of Mexcaltitán and some of its interesting buildings and streets. In this one, I will focus on the people who live here, the animals who share this little slice of paradise with them, and we'll sample the local cuisine.

A scale model from the local museum shows the physical layout of Mexcaltitán. As you can see, there are four streets laid out like the cross hatch of a tic tac toe game. They are connected by an oval street that runs around the circumference of the town. Each of the cross hatch streets ends in a pier. Tied up to the piers, and between them, are many boats. The length of the widest point on the island is only about 400 m (0.25 mi). In the rainy season, the water rises and fills the streets, transforming Mexcaltitán into a tiny version of Venice. Then, people move about the town by poling their long narrow canoes down the streets.


The People

The work day begins. A boatman poles a tool-carrying friend from the mainland to the island. Other men work on their outboard motors or prepare for a day of fishing. Activity like this continued at a leisurely pace throughout the day. Life on Mexcaltitán is pursued in an unhurried sort of way.

Some of the long, narrow canoes are tied up next to a dock. We assumed that the one in the foreground belongs to a fisherman from the net piled in the middle. About half of these boats are motorized. As you can see, the boats' shape allows them to travel the narrow streets during high water

A group of Mexican tourists cruises around the island. Some of the local boatmen make a living through tourist-related activities. We were the only foreign tourists on the island the day we visited. The green plants floating in the water behind the tourist boat are water hyacinth, locally known as lirio. It is highly invasive and can propagate at an astounding rate. A single plant can multiply to cover an acre of water in only a couple of weeks.

Mexcaltitán's fishermen are organized into a cooperative. Above, the weatherbeaten sign on their headquarters lists their coop's name as Jose Maria Morelos. He was a hero of the War of Independence against Spain. While cooperatives like this are a product of the 1910 Revolution, the concept of cooperative efforts and communal ownership of land goes far back into pre-hispanic times.

The island's museum displays artifacts of current life, like these fishing nets. Harvesting the lagoon's small shrimp is one of the chief activities of the local fishermen. The shrimp can be found in the local restaurants, along with fresh and saltwater fish cooked in a variety of ways.

Small fish dry in the warm afternoon sun. These may be charales, but I am not certain because charal is a freshwater fish and much of the water around Mexcaltitán is brackish. When completely dried, they will be served whole, as snacks. Sometimes, rather than dried, they will be deep-fried. Usually they are then sprinkled with lime juice and dipped in hot sauce.

A fisherman, his boat heaped with a net, heads out for a day's work. The house across the lagoon, and the one that is being built next to it, are among many that have been built along the edge of the water facing the island. There is very little space left on the island for new construction.

Two fishermen prepare to feed the pelicans. The fishermen and the birds have a friendly relationship. After cleaning their catch, men like these will take the waste parts in a bucket and toss them out to the waiting pelicans. The large birds hungrily rush in to grab a free meal. The squawking, flapping, and squabbling that result are quite entertaining.


The Animals

After enjoying their meal, several White Pelicans groom their feathers. White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) breed in the interior of North America but move south to the lakes and lagoons of Mexico, and even as far as Central and South America. They are among the largest birds of North America, and only the California Condor has a larger wingspan. A White Pelican can weight up to 13 kg (30 lbs). When they fly or swim in large flocks, they do so in close formations. While on land their clumsy movements can appear a bit comical. However, when in the air or water, their movements are smooth and graceful. Wild White Pelicans can live more than 16 years and some in captivity have lived as long as 34 years.

A Brown and a White Pelican swim together. I was intrigued by this companionship between two birds whose habitats and habits are quite different. Brown Pelicans are usually found on the seashore, while the Whites like freshwater lakes and brackish inland lagoons. The Browns hunt by flying over the water until they spot a fish. They then dive vertically out of the air with a great splash. By contrast, the Whites swim along in formation, herding the small fish toward the shallows, then scoop up their prey by dipping their beaks into the water. The Brown Pelican seen above later joined a large flotilla of Whites that was cruising up and down the lagoon channel.

A Wood stork stands on one leg as it perches on a bare limb. The Wood Stork likes lowland wetlands with trees where it can built a nest. Nayarit's mangrove swamps seem to fit the bill. It is the only species of stork that breeds in North America. In non-breeding season, it can be found as far south as Brazil.  This large bird is classified by the US fish and Wildlife Service as "endangered", although there have been some proposals to downgrade the listing to "threatened." I am endebted to Georgia Conti for this and other identifications.

A Great Egret stands motionless as it looks for prey in the water.  The Great Egret (Ardea alba) is also known as the Great White Heron. It is very widely distributed around the the temperate and tropical areas of the world, where it breeds in trees next to large lakes.This is a wading bird that uses its long legs to slowly and delicately move through shallow water near the shore. A sudden uncoiling of its long neck, and quick thrust of its sharp beak, will often produce a meal. Great Egrets prey on small fish, snakes, frogs, and other aquatic prey.

A Mexican Spiny-tailed iguana strikes a jaunty pose on top of a wall. From his nose to the tip of his tail, this fellow was about as long as my arm. He very obligingly remained perfectly still as I finished photographing him. Then, he then scuttled off into the brush. His lack of fear may mean that he is someone's pet.

Cattle wade neck-deep near the shore of the liro-covered lake. We were sitting in a restaurant when we noticed some movement across the channel. At first we were unable to make out what was happening. Then we spotted the heads of a small herd of cattle, just visible above the lirio. They had just waded into the lake and were proceeding along the shore with only their heads above water.


The hospitality and cuisine

The restaurant from which we spotted the cattle had no other customers but us. It was one of several scattered around the island at the ends of the piers. As it was a clean and cheerful place, we decided to try the cuisine.

Our table was in a corner overlooking the lake. The constant parade of boats and pelicans provided an on-going "floor show" during our meal. Before our main courses, the waiter supplied us with a large array of botanas (appetizers). These included a local delicacy: small, whole, dried shrimp. By "whole" I mean feelers, legs, eyes, and all. They were crunchy and actually quite good. When in Rome...

Our waiter gave me a big smile when I asked if I could take his photo. He appeared to be about ten years old, but was very efficient, as well as friendly. Following our meal, it was time to catch our launch back to the mainland. We were charmed by this tiny and very ancient community. I suspect that the tranquility of Mexcaltitán could be quite addictive.

This completes Part 5 of my San Blas series. I always appreciate feedback and questions. If you have any, please leave them in the Comments section below. If no one else has commented yet, it may say "no comments". Just click on that and it will open the Comments window. You can also email me directly if you would like.

If you leave a question in the Comments section, PLEASE leave your email address so I can respond.

Hasta luego, Jim

San Blas Part 4: A visit to the island village of Mexcaltitán de Uribe

Mexcaltitán de Uribe is a pueblo on a small island that is completely surrounded by a lagoon.  Click here for a Google Map showing the route from San Blas to Mexcaltitán. Carole and I put Mexcaltitán (Mesh-cal-ti-tan) on our "priority visit" list during our San Blas adventure because of its idyllic description and exotic history. The town is about 90 km (56 mi) north of San Blas. The last couple of kilometers can only be traveled by small boat. The drive is beautiful, passing through mangrove swamps and lush fields along the way. Our guide book was a bit skimpy on directional details. It referred to the town of Santiago Ixcuintla as the "jumping off point" for Mexcaltitán. This led us to assume that the boat dock is there. When we arrived in Santiago, I asked a hotel clerk if I could walk to the dock from there and her mouth dropped in astonishment. I thought perhaps my poor Spanish was the problem. Together, we sought the help of a passerby who knew a few words of English. After further confusion I finally realized what they were both struggling to tell me. The boat dock is not in Santiago Ixcuintla, but another 36 km (22 mi) through the countryside! No wonder they both looked at me like I was loony. You never know what a crazy Gringo will ask when he wanders in off the street.  (Photo is from a display in the Museo del Origen, Mexcaltitán)


The Approach

The lagoon surrounding Mexcaltitán is part of a large estuary that empties into the Pacific. From here, all the way up Nayarit's coast to its border with Sonora, the country is low and flat with many lakes, rivers, and estuaries. Because if its warm climate, rich land, and plentiful fish and animal life, the area has been populated for thousands of years. Mexcaltitán was one of the earliest settlements, and it may be the site of legendary Aztlán, the origin point of the Aztecs. There is some archaeological evidence that they launched their great migration from here in 1091 AD, a journey lasting more than two centuries. Eight separate tribes set out from Aztlán, but the difficulties they encountered along the way tested and strengthened them, like iron transformed into steel. They became the fierce and powerful Mexica (May-she-ka) tribe. The trek finally ended when they founded Tenochtitlán--modern Mexico City--in 1323 AD. Like Mexcaltitán it was an island town surrounded by a lake. Within two hundred years of founding their capital, they built Mesoamerica's greatest empire. In 1521, at the peak of its power, it fell to Spanish Conquistador Hernán Cortés.

Our boatman was friendly and the trip from the dock to the island went smoothly. The launch site, called La Batanga, consists of the docks and a couple of buildings. There are few services, other than some baños (restrooms) which were welcome after the long morning's drive through the country. The 6 km (3.73 mi) boat journey takes about 20 minutes as it winds and twists through the estuary channels, allowing a good view of the many species of birds along the way.

Solar powered channel markers were placed at regular intervals. I am always charmed by the juxtapostion of Mexico's modern and ancient aspects. Mexico is pushing rapidly toward First World status, with solar power, cell phones, and widely available wifi. At the same time, and often in the same place, one can find burros plodding under the weight of firewood destined for local kitchen stoves, or fishermen, waist-deep in the water, casting hand nets in a fashion their pre-hispanic ancestors would easily recognize.

A turn in the channel revealed the pueblo, sitting low and flat in the water. The land itself is only a few feet above sea level and the only building rising more than two stories is the church with its steeple. The oval-shaped island is 400 m (0.25 mi) long and 350 m (0.22 mi) wide. There are approximately 400 homes on the island, occupied--as of the 2010 Mexican census--by a little over 800 people. In addition to the picturesque, tile-roofed houses and small tiendas (neighborhood stores), there are a number of structures used by local fisherman located around the periphery of the island. In the center of town, several 19th and 20th Century buildings surround the small, attractive plaza. As you can see from the first photo of this posting, the island is covered from shore to shore with all these structures. The overall effect is quite picturesque. This, along with the Aztlán connection, won Mexcaltitán the designation of Pueblo Magico (Magic Village), a much-sought title shared with only a few dozen other sites in Mexico.

The street leading in from the dock is bordered by unusually high curbs. The reason is simple. In the rainy season, the streets flood, giving the town its other nick-name "Mexico's Venice." While the vision of people poling their long, narrow canoes through the streets might have suggested Venice to the Spaniards, it should be remembered that the Mexica of Tenochtitlan moved about their much larger city in exactly the same way, for very similar reasons. Some, but not all, of the streets are surfaced with paving stones like those seen above. There are no cars on the island, which leads to a quiet, unhurried atmosphere.


The Plaza

A neighborhood tienda displays a map of the town. The layout is quite simple. There are four main streets in the pattern of a tic-tac-toe grid. Circling the island is another street aptly named Venicia. Similar to thousands of other Mexican communities, the streets bordering on the plaza are all named for great figures from Mexican history such as Miguel Hidalgo, José María Morelos, and Benito Juarez. Interestingly, there is even one named for the dictator Porfirio Diaz, who was deposed by the Revolution. The square in the center is the plaza. There are several restaurants located on the wharves at the ends of the tic-tac-toe streets.

Iglesia de San Pedro y San Pablo occupies one side of the plaza. The banners strung around the plaza indicate a recent fiesta. The church is small, attractive, and well kept. Every June 29, the residents of Mexcaltitán celebrate the fiesta of San Peter and Saint Paul, the town's two patron saints. People divide up into two teams named after the saints and engage in a footrace around town, followed by a race of poled canoes around the island. There is music, dancing, food and, of course, plenty of cerveza,  tequila and fireworks. San Pedro's teams nearly always win the competitions. The locals insist that there is no cheating involved. They arrange for his teams' victories by stacking them with the strongest competitors. The reason is that the town is vitally dependent upon fishing and San Pedro is the patron of fishermen. In a typically practical Mexican fashion, the local people are simply hedging their bets.

Museo de Origen fills another side of the plaza. The museum is beautifully constructed and very professional in its displays and explanatory signs. These include material from the earliest settlements of the area through modern times. To me, one of the most fascinating was a display of 22 panels from the Mexica picture-history of their migration from Aztlán to Tenochtitlán. In a separate posting, I will show some of the contents of this excellent museum.

Two residents chat in the shade of one of the plaza's many trees. Behind them are multi-colored pillars called portales that support the arcade in front of some local tiendas. This photo captures the laid-back atmosphere we encountered while we were visiting.

The Ejidal office stands on a corner adjacent to the museum. In Spanish ejido means "shared or common land," a concept that has pre-hispanic origins. One of the goals of the campesinos (farm workers) in the Revolution was a re-distribution of land from the large hacienda owners to indigenous communities. Historically, such lands had often been illegitimately obtained or even seized outright by avaricious hacendados' (hacienda owners). Their aim was not only to obtain additional lands, but to force the now-landless people to provide cheap labor for the haciendas. Local ejidal organizations were created after the Revolution to receive, and hold in common, lands taken back from the hanciendas. The lands can be possessed and worked (but not "owned") by individuals unless they fail to use it for more than two years. Ejidos were embedded in the Mexican Constitution until 1991, when it was changed to allow the ejidal organizations, under certain circumstances, to sell land to individuals.

The tidy plaza is centered on a kiosco still decorated with banners from the recent fiesta. El Centro is the focal point of traditional Mexican towns, whether they are the tiniest pueblo or the greatest city. It usually includes a square with a kiosco in the center and walkways radiating out, separated by gardens. Bordering the plaza will be the main church, the government building, and various small stores under arched portales. In colonial times, the wealthiest Spaniards built mansions facing the plaza or on the streets immediately surrounding it. The mestizos lived in neighborhoods surrounding the wealthy Centro. Further out would be another ring consisting of indigenous villages. This pattern was established in 1573 by a Royal decree of Spanish King Phillip II.


The Church

Iglesa de San Pedro y San Pablo.  The church was built in the 19th Century neo-classical style and its steeple is the tallest structure on the island. The Catholic church is not only the religious but the social center in local communities like Mexcaltitán and the people are deeply religious. However, under the sometimes thin surface of Catholicism, there is often a deep layer of pre-hispanic beliefs and traditions. This came about both because of covert resistance to abandoning thousands of years of indigenous traditions, but because the Spanish priests found it easier to coopt key elements of these traditions than to eradicate them. Thus the Maya World Tree became the Christian cross and the Aztec goddess Tonantzin became the Virgin of Guadalupe.

A small boy cycles around the near-empty plaza in front of the church. The view is from the door of the church. Some of the multi-colored portales can be seen on the left. The church was serenely quiet, but not empty. At any time of the day in a church like this, one can find a person or two sitting in a pew, or quietly praying in front of a saint, or even working their way up the aisle on their knees.

The altar was decorated with loads of fresh flowers. My eye was drawn to the photograph at the lower left. It occurred to me that the person in the photo must be significant to the community.

The photo by the altar is of Santo Toribio Romo, patron saint of undocumented immigrants.  Toribio Romo Gonzales was ordained as a priest in 1922. Four years later the Cristero War began. It was an uprising by Catholic activists against the implementation of those provisions of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 which restricted the power and influence of the Church. Both the Revolutionary Government and its radical Catholic opponents committed atrocities in the 1926-1929 struggle. Father Toribio was martyred in 1928 in Agua Caliente, Jalisco, when soldiers burst into his room and shot him. He was one of a large number of Cristero War martyrs who were canonized by Pope John Paul II in 2000. In recent decades, undocumented immigrants trying to cross the deadly desert into the United States have reported encounters with Santo Toribio's ghost. He has informally become the patron saint of undocumented immigrant workers. The prominent positioning of his photo indicates that there may be many absent members of the community who have made the dangerous journey into the United States to help support their families. The families, in turn, pray for the safe return of their relatives.


Street Scenes

Calle Venicia is the street that circles the island. Unlike some of the others, it is not paved. The bougainvillea and other flowering plants and trees along its length give it a rustic beauty. The red-shirted man down the street paused to look me over. We were the only foreign tourists on the island that day.

We encountered this old man, placidly sunning himself on the curb. He nodded quietly when I asked if I could take his photo. The man has an unusual skin condition, which I occasionally encounter in Mexico. According to my friend Tom, who is a retired dermatologist, the condition is called vitaligo, which involves a loss of pigmentation due, presumably, to an autoimmune disorder.

"Found art" on Calle Venicia. Mexicans often "make do" in the most interesting and artful ways. As we strolled along Calle Venicia, we came across this little set of stairs made from rough sticks lashed together with string and bailing wire. It is functional, but also pleasing to the eye. You could probably hire someone for a couple of thousand dollars to make one of these for you in the U.S.

A small street market attracted a crowd of neighbors. Food, toys, and musical instruments were among the items on sale. Several of the customers couldn't resist a shy peep at us as we passed them in the narrow street.

A Satellite TV dish was mounted on the corner of a house. TV, through satellite transmission, now reaches some of the most remote corners of Mexico. It is possible that the house has a traditional wood stove and that the owner gets about by poling his canoe in the ancient fashion. Even so, he can keep up with the latest news from Mexico City and the world.

A small child watches a dog across the street while both are watched by caged birds. This is one of the paved tic-tac-toe streets that cross-hatch the town. Something about the out-of-view dog fascinated the child because he barely noticed our presence. The caged birds are in the upper left of the photo. The humblest of Mexican homes will display plants and flowers, often with only a discarded plastic bucket or a coffee can for a pot.

Two boys share a snack in between rides on a new bicycle. This was one of the few wheeled vehicles we encountered on the island. The boys appear to be healthy and well-nourished and the bike indicates a certain level of prosperity.

Rough wooden pillars support awnings along another stretch of Calle Venicia.  Heading off into the woods to cut a tree for a support post is a lot cheaper than buying one that is commercially sawn and painted. Once again, rural Mexicans "make do."

Two fishing canoes lie engulfed in a sea of lirio. Both boats look well-used but serviceable. The lirio, otherwise known as water hyacinth, is not native to Mexico. It is an extremely fast-growing invasive species that was introduced to Mexico as an ornamental plant in the 19th Century. One plant can reproduce enough to cover an acre in a single growing season. They are very hard to eradicate and must be quickly removed before they take over the whole surface of a pond or lake. Next week, we'll take a look at the people who use these boats for fishing, transporting goods, or just getting about. We'll also meet some of the birds and other animals that make Mexcaltitán and its lagoon their home.

This completes Part 4 of my San Blas series. If you have enjoyed it, I hope you'll take a moment and leave a comment or question in the Comments section below, or email me directly. If no one has commented before you, it may say "no comments" below. Just click on that and the comments page will appear.

If you leave a question in the Comments section, PLEASE leave your email address so I can respond.

Hasta luego, Jim

San Blas Part 3: The creatures of the mangrove lagoons

A Great Blue Heron poses for a photo during a boat tour of San Blas' lagoon. Its calm, graceful beauty was nicely set against the green jungle of the mangrove swamp. The Great Blue Heron is the largest heron of North America and can be found along the shores of open water and in wetlands throughout North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Birds like this one used to wade in the creek behind my house in Salem, Oregon. They are year-round residents, not migrants. The little seaport of San Blas is surrounded, on the land side, by lagoons and mangrove swamps. These are filled, almost to bursting, with plant and animal life. For example, almost 300 species of birds have been identified in the area. In order to see all this famous wildlife, we hired a launch with an experienced boatman at "Embarcadero Aguada," a few miles south of San Blas on Highway 76, just before reaching Playa Mantanchen. Look for the launching point across from a row of crafts stalls. Embarcadero means, roughly, "place of embarcation." The Spanish word aguada is an old maritime term. It refers to the fact that 18th Century colonial ships sent their sailors here to fill barrels with clean, fresh water. The proximity to the ocean means that much of the water of the surrounding lagoons is brackish and unfit for human consumption.


Beginning the tour

Victor was a skilled boatman and had incredibly sharp eyes for wildlife. He obviously loves his job and has fun with it. Since he is out on the lagoon every day, he gets to know where the various creatures like to hang out. He almost always spotted an animal long before I did. Victor spoke only a little English but, along with our intermediate level Spanish, we managed to communicate just fine. We had the entire boat to ourselves because we were taking the extended tour and no one else had signed up for it. The cost (for both of us) about $50 USD, but the adventure was worth every penny. On other, similar tours, someone in the crowded boat was always getting in the way of my photos, and the boatman had to accommodate the desires of the whole group. On this tour, we had the boat to ourselves and Victor was ours to command.

A quiet green channel leads through dense mangrove thickets. The water was very still and perfectly reflected the vegetation. The jungle closed over our heads, creating a long, winding, green tunnel.  While the channels themselves are natural, they are regularly cleared of low-hanging branches that might inadvertently sweep an unwary tourist right out of the boat. These thickets are unbelievably dense. I can't imagine leaving the channel and trying to force my way through while waist deep in water. I suspected that the local crocodiles would love me to try.

A tourist boat pulls over to the forest's edge so passengers can click away at the wildlife.  This would have been our craft, if we had taken a regular tour. The boatmen can maneuver quite close to the animals before reaching the limits of the creatures' tolerance. The area is protected, and the boatmen help enforce it because they depend upon tourists for their livelihood. Under these conditions, the animals are not as frightened as they might be if regularly hunted. Often we were able to approach within a few feet before the creatures moved off. Sometimes they posed, completely stationary, almost as if they understood their roles in this little drama.


Life among the mangroves

A female Snail Kite, surveys its domain from a tree top. The 42x zoom of my new Nikon was very helpful, since birds like this Snail Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) like to sit on a limb high above the swamp. There was some difference among the various birders who saw this photo, but this appears to be the correct i.d. The bird gets its name from the fact that its main diet consists of large snails. It likes freshwater swamps and roosts in groups.

After leaving the mangrove tunnels, we moved out into the open swamp. The scene above is very typical of the channel's shore in this area. Palm trees are found in clumps, towering over lower trees that hang out over the water. In some areas, the shore area was covered by tall grasses. Except for where it was disturbed by our wake, the water in most areas was very still.

A Northern Potoo was sleeping on a limb when we drifted by below. Northern Potoo (Nyctibius jamaicensis) are nocturnal birds, which probably explains why this one was napping at mid-morning. The Northern Potoo can be found in Mexico, Costa Rica and the islands of Jamaica and Hispaniola. It hunts by resting on a branch and sallying out when prey happens by. Hmmm...hanging out in Mexico or the Caribbean; staying up until the early hours; sleeping late in the morning; making your living by sitting around until dinner appears. My kind of bird.

The spiny-tailed iguana is found all along Mexico's Pacific Coast from Sinaloa to Chiapas. Its formal name is Ctenosaura pectinata, which refers to the spiky comb along its back. This one appeared to be as curious about me as I was of him. Although rather ferocious-looking, they are harmless unless cornered, and would rather flee than fight. They can grow as much as 140 cm (4.6 ft) long, although the females are generally smaller. The juvenile animals are generally bright green and assume the adult colors as they mature. Unlike other species of Ctenosaura, the Mexican spiny-tail is very social.

Bromeliad, one of many we found perched on tree branches over the water. The family Bromeliaceae is a relatively recent addition to the plant world. They are very widely distributed, from sea level up to 1280 m  (4200 ft), and from rain forests to deserts. Bromiliads possesses some extraordinary survival tecniques. Some species do not root in the earth but take sustenance directly from the air. Many can store rain water within their tightly interwoven leaf bases, which gives them an advantage in dry climates.

An Anhinga drys its wings after diving for fish. Rounding a bend in the channel, we came across this Anhinga, casually drying its wings. It took no notice of us and I was able to get several good shots as we slowly cruised by a few feet away. Anhingas (whose formal name is Anhinga, anhinga) are also called Snakebirds, Darters, and Water Turkeys. The Anhinga name, meaning devil bird or snake bird comes from the Tupa language of Brazil. It gained the Snakebird appellation from its habit of swimming with only its sinuous neck and sharp-beaked head out of the water. The long narrow beak is used to spear fish and other game. 

An abandoned set for the movie "Cabeza de Vaca" stands in the middle of a lagoon. The 1991 Mexican film chronicled the adventures of a real-life Robinson Crusoe named Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. He and three others were the only survivors of a 600-man Spanish expedition to the Florida coast in 1528. After various misadventures decimated the expedition, Cabeza de Vaca and a handful of survivors were enslaved by Gulf Coast tribes. However, they managed to move from tribe to tribe across the American Southwest and into Northern Mexico. After traveling down the coast of Sinaloa they finally encountered other Spaniards in 1536. Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain the following year and.published an account of his amazing journey in 1542. After meeting one of Cabeza de Vaca's fellow survivors, Francisco Coronado launched his famous 1540-1542 expedition in search of Cibola and its fabled (but non-existent) Seven Cities of Gold. He traveled north from central Mexico to the vast plains of Kansas before giving up. Cabeza de Vaca is considered a proto-anthropoligist because of his detailed--and sympathetic--observations of the lives and cultures of the native people he encountered during his incredible journey.

A Mexican River Crocodile takes its ease on a partially sunken log. Crocs rest with their mouths open as a cooling mechanism. This guy was so totally blissed-out that he seemed unaware of our presence. All he needed was a beer and the ball game playing in the background. River crocs are found in rivers, lagoons, and estuaries such as those surrounding San Blas. According to a local sign, they reach maturity at 2 m (6 ft) but have been known to grow as large as 7 m (21 ft). While some crocs have reached the age of 100+ years., there has been a significant reduction of their overall population because of poaching. They usually prey on fish, water birds, and small mammals, with an occasional tourist as a special treat.

A fresh-water turtle prepares to dive as we approach. Mexico has six different species of fresh water turtles, but I was unable to determine which this one fell into. We also saw several other species during our visit.

Tangled vegetation overhangs water roiled by our passing. These bare, overhanging branches were ideal for spotting birds. Those roosting in the shoreline jungle are very hard to discern.

A White Ibis possesses a long curved beak. This one was immature. White Ibises (Eudocimus albus) do not have the snowy white plumage as juveniles that they obtain when they are full grown. They are found along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the US as well a Mexico and Central America. White Ibises prey on small aquatic animals such as insect and fish. During breeding season, they gather in huge colonies near the water.

A juvenile spiny-tailed iguana stretches out along an overhanging branch. He has not yet lost his youthful green tint. This one appeared to be about 1 m (3 ft) long, and blended fairly well with his surroundings. Although our boat passed directly underneath his branch, he barely blinked at our close proximity. If you wish to observe the creatures of the lagoon in the wild, I suggest taking one of the early boats. That way, the animals will have been less disturbed when you come by.

El Cocodrilario

Two adult River Crocodiles bask in the afternoon sun at the Cocodrilario. Crocs are very social animals and can often be seen in close proximity. The San Blas lagoon's Cocodrilario performs several important functions. In order to increase the overall population, the facility raises crocs from eggs and protects juveniles from predation. It also provides a sanctuary for injured or elderly crocs that might otherwise starve. Finally, the Cocodrilario confines crocs that have attacked humans in order to keep tourists safe and dangerous crocs out of trouble. Of course, all crocs are potentially dangerous and should be treated with the utmost respect.

My zoom allowed me to get up-close and personal with a snoozing cocodrilo. The jaws are immensely powerful and the teeth have evolved as instruments for gripping and tearing flesh. While they primarily hunt at night, they will feed at any time during the day. Adult crocs can weigh more than 907 kg (2000 lbs) and have been known to attain swimming speeds of 32 km/hr (20 mph). Fortunately, they are not usually aggressive toward humans. This species prefers to live in water that is salty or at least brackish and is widespread along Mexico's Pacific Coast beaches and lagoons. These crocs are very susceptible to temperature and are found almost exclusively in tropical areas. They would become helpless and drown in cold water of a temperature that alligators can tolerate.

Two peccaries snuggle together during their afternoon siesta. The Cocodrilario also functions as a zoo for other kinds of animals found in the lagoon area. Peccaries are part of the family Tayassuidae, or New World pigs. They are also called javelinas or skunk pigs, and are distantly related to the hippopotamus family. These New World pigs are different from Euro-asian pigs in the shape of their feet and tusks and their internal organs, although their eyes and noses look similar. Peccaries are omnivorous and will eat small animals, but prefer roots, grasses, and seeds. They are very social and have been known to gather in herds of up to 100 animals. 

One turtle clambers on top of another in an apparent game of King of the Hill. These two are of a different species than the one shown previously. Their shells are flatter and of a darker color. Along with other turtles, they frolicked in a fenced off area of the lagoon near the Cocodrilario. The water here was very clear and clean and we could see the bottom easily.

A large school of fish shared the fenced off area with the turtles. The Cocodrilario sells small packets of food that you can sprinkle in the water, causing the fish to swarm close to the pier. I have not been able to determine the species of these fish but, from the shape of their mouths, they may be some sort of catfish. If any ichthyologists are reading this, please help me out.

A jaguar keeps a close eye on things. I almost didn't see this fellow until I was stopped in my tracks by his unwavering stare. Although I felt sorry that he was caged in here, I was glad the fence was between us. Jaguars are the third largest of all big cats, behind African lions and Asian tigers. They are fierce and powerful night hunters. These aspects gave them mystical powers in the eyes of the pre-hispanic people. Their nocturnal habits suggested a connection to the underworld and their power and grace were admired by the warrior castes. The jaguar societies were the most elite warrior groups among the Toltecs and Mexica (Aztecs) of Central Mexico, and the Maya of Chichen Itza in the Yucatan. 

A smaller cat occupied a nearby cage. There was no sign, so I couldn't determine the species. It looks quite a bit like a common house tabby, but is about twice as big and the tail is shorter. Once again, I welcome any expert identification. NEWSFLASH! I got a couple of quick responses to my request for information. One person suggested an ocelot. However, upon Googling a photo, the ocelot's ears and tail were different. Another suggested a bobcat, and presto! We have a winner! The ears, tail, and general markings are a match. Bobcat ancestors arrived in North America about 2.8 million years ago via the Bering Sea land bridge that then existed. Modern bobcats (Lynx rufus) evolved about 20,000 years ago. Their favorite prey are rabbits, but they will feed on anything from insects to deer. Bobcats get their name from their stubby tail.

La Tovara

La Tovara is the end point of the extended tour. There is a rustic restaurant and a fenced off swimming area with a hanging rope for the adventurous. Our guide told us that at one time the little cove wasn't fenced off and some crocs lived here. After someone jumped into the water and landed on one, triggering an attack, the crocs were moved out and the area was secured by a chain-link barrier. 

Cold drinks are available at the restaurant, along with some simple dishes. We had brought some snacks, so we only ordered cokes for ourselves and Victor. The setting was lovely, shady, and very tranquil. After finishing our drinks, we clambered back in our launch, eager for more photographic possibilities on the return trip.

This completes Part 3 of my San Blas series. Hopefully you have enjoyed seeing and reading about it almost as much as we did directly experiencing it. I always encourage feedback and questions. If you would like, you can leave your thoughts in the Comments section below. If no one has commented yet, it may say "no comments". Just click on that and it will take you to the Comments page.

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Hasta luego, Jim