Guanajuato Part 14 of 17: Calle Manuel Doblado and Templos San Francisco and Santa Casa de Loreto

Statue of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. Cervantes (1547-1616) was the author of Don Quixote, which has been called the "first modern novel" and the "first great novel of world literature. He is regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language. This figure stands outside the Museo Iconográfico Don Quixote, across from the main entrance of Templo San Francisco. The statue is impressive, but no one actually knows what Cervantes looked like, because he never had an official portrait.

This posting and the one which follows will focus on the long andador (walking street) called Calle Manuel Doblado. The street has many interesting points along the way. The ones we will focus on in this posting will include the little plazuela with statues of Cervantes and Don Quixote and also the Templos de San Francisco and Santa Casa de Loreto.  The following posting will cover the remainder of Calle Manuel Doblado.

Overview

Google map of Calle Manuel Doblado. The street begins in the upper left where Calles Sopena, Manuel Doblado, and Del Potrero intersect. The Museo Iconográfico is located at this intersection. The first large structure along Manuel Doblado is the Templo San Francisco, followed by Santa Casa de Loreto a few doors down. 

Near the east end of the street is a small plaza devoted to the popular Mexican singer Jorge Negrete and a wonderful little place called the Café Santo across the street. These latter two sites will be featured in the next posting.

View to the south on Calle de Sopena toward Templo San Francisco. Above, a young woman pauses to take a photo of her boyfriend in the doorway down the street. Guanajuato's andadores provide ways to stroll through most of El Centro (Old Town) without having to dodge careening cars or motorcycles or breathe their exhaust fumes. The andadores also tend to abound with many points of interest.

Templo de San Francisco stands near the west end of Calle Manual Doblado. Built at the height of the 18th century mining boom, Templo de San Francisco is an example of the late Baroque style of architecture. Some Neo-Classic elements were added in the 19th century including the clock between the two steeples and some of the interior features. 

It was originally dedicated in 1728 to San Juan Bautista (St. John the Baptist). In 1828, the Franciscan Order was running a hospice--a place of rest for weary or ill travelers--next door. They took over the San Juan Bautista temple and renamed it for their patron saint, San Francisco de Assisi. The church was closed when we came by, so I don't have any photos of its interior.

View of the church and its large dome from the rear. This shot provides a feel for how narrow and crowded together the colonial-era streets and structures of Guanajuato really are. The dome and much of the rest of the church are made from pink cantera (quarry stone), a popular building material since pre-hispanic times due to the ease with which it can be shaped.

Plazuela San Francisco

View of Cervantes' statue and the little plazuela from the Templo steps. This is obviously a popular spot to hang out and rest in the shade. The building behind the statue is the Museo Iconográfico.

Statue of Don Quixote gesturing dramatically. What made Cervantes' novel unique in its time was its departure from what he called the "vain and empty" chivalric romances popular up to that time. He made Quixote and his paunchy side-kick Sancho into comic figures and shaped his story according to the real life of his day, using everyday language. The innovation was instantly popular. Although Cervantes apparently wrote a great deal besides Don Quixote, much of the rest has not survived. 

Templo de la Santa Casa de Loreto

This church is actually part of the Templo de San Francisco Convento complex. The structure was originally a house bought in 1737 by a priest named José Antonio de Busto.  In 1776, the house was sold to Don Pedro Sereno Covarrubias. His son, José Maria Félix de Corvarrubias, was administering the house as a hospice for the Franciscan Order in 1803 and improvised a temple inside. 

By 1820 the house was in ruins, but the improvised temple continued to function. A priest named Fuentes Lazo de la Vega decided to repair the structure and dedicate the temple to the Virgen de Loreto. In 1845, de la Vega decided to completely demolish the ruined house and its temple and rebuild it in its present form. The construction began on February 2, 1846 after a procession and an elaborate ceremony. 

The templo was built to be a site for prayer and contemplation.  The interior is unusual because it is circular rather than rectangular. Around its circumference are a series of altars containing statues. These include a main altar with the statue of the Virgen de Loreto, along with various saints and a crucifix. 

A wealthy local man named Don Agustín Godoy was among those who furnished resources to build the little temple. The architect was a "humble and simple man" named Professor Cleto Salinas. Tragically, he never saw the completion of his work because he was murdered shortly before finishing. Even so, the opening of the Templo de la Virgen de Santa Casa de Loreto on September 8, 1854 was celebrated with processions, masses, and fireworks.

An unidentified saint is displayed along the circular wall. There was no sign on the glass case containing this figure, but my eye was caught by his rather gaudy attire. If anyone can help me name this saint, I'd appreciate it.

This completes Part 14 of my Guanajuato Revisited series. I hope you enjoyed it and, if so, please leave any thoughts or questions in the Comments section below or email me directly. If you leave a question, please be sure to include your email address so that I may respond in a timely fashion.

Hasta luego, Jim

 

Guanajuato Revisited Part 13 of 17: The charming little Plazuela del Baratillo and other street scenes

A Florentine-style fountain forms the centerpiece of this small plaza. The official name is Plaza General Manuel Gonzales, who once was Governor of Guanajuato and President of the Republic. However, few people use that name. Instead, it is generally called Plazuela del Baratillo, which means "little plaza of the secondhand goods". This is probably because it has long been used by local street vendors to sell inexpensive vegetables, street food and other items.

In this posting, we will take a look at the Plazuela and check out some of the street scenes Carole and I encountered in its immediate vicinity. This is a continuation of our stroll through the heart of Guanajuato's El Centro (Old Town), which began with the Museo de Alhondigas on the west end, paused last time at the great Templo de la Companía de Jésus, and will continue on to other beautiful and interesting plazas along the way. 

Overview

The Plazuela is centrally located. It is only a couple of blocks east of the Universidad de Guanajuato (upper left) and a couple more north of Jardin Union (triangular green plaza). Both were covered in my previous posts of this series. Our neighbor Vinnie, who recently bought a house in Guanajuato, encouraged us to check out the Plazuela, saying he had particularly enjoyed the street food sold there. They were selling it when we came by, and it looked good, but we weren't hungry at the time. 

Generally, we are a bit leery of Mexican street food, because you can pick up all kinds of nasty intestinal bugs if you aren't careful. However, local Mexicans are usually aware of who is selling clean food and who is not. A good sign that the food is sanitary will be if there is quite a crowd around the stall. Also, the person serving the food should not the same as the person handling the money. Because it passes through so many hands, money is one of the dirtiest objects you will encounter anywhere. 

Plazuela del Baratillo

The Plazuela is surrounded by former Spanish colonial mansions. The ground floors are now small shops and stores selling a wide variety of items, while the upper floors are generally apartments. Some of the local food vendors are gathered under the tree on the right. Various callejones (alleyways) and andadores (walking streets) branch off from the Plazuela, making it a great place to just wander around and see what sort of interesting objects and scenes you can find.

Four fantastic bronze fish support the bowl of the fountain. They reminded me a bit of the one at the Wolf and Fish fountain just below the Templo de la Companía de Jesus. Possibly, they were created by the same sculptor. Originally the fountain was located at the Plaza de la Paz (see Part 6 of this series). However, in 1893, this fountain was replaced by the statue now at Plaza de la Paz and the Florentine fountain ended up here. It was a good trade, in my opinion.

A "deceased" miner's mummy stands in his coffin. We found this just outside the entrance of a small store. Nothing in the store particularly related to the miner and his coffin. This is just another example of the quirky Mexican sense of humor. Guanajuato is famous for its bizarre collection of the local mummies of people who died here long ago.

However, Guanajuato's long history of mining did lead to many untimely deaths among the workers. Over the course of centuries, mineshaft collapses, fire, poison gases, and lung disease from mine dust claimed the lives of many of those who went down into the darkness every day. (For a look at how the mines operated and the daily life of the mine workers, see Part 7 of this series.)

Stairway into another world. Near the entrance to the Plazuela is a set of steps leading down into Guanajuato's underworld. The level to which you descend used to be the level of the arroyo (stream bed) along which the city was originally built. Now it is a network of streets running under El Centro, with the city built on top. 

What happened was that in 1780, a great flood roared down the arroyo, swamping and destroying much of the original town. To avoid future disasters, the city fathers raised the level of the town 6m (18ft) and rebuilt it over the arroyo. (See Part 2 for the story of this catastrophe.) You can find entrances like this all over El Centro, some for pedestrians, some for vehicles.

Don Quixote, in full armor, stands proudly outside another store. You find statues of this figure, large and small, all over Guanajuato. Another thing for which the town also famous is its Festival Cervantino celebrating the works of Miguel Cevantes, 17th century author of the book Don Quixote. (For the origins of the Festival Cervantino, see Part 11 of this series.)

Street market on Calle de Sopena. This is another of the many andadores in El Centro, which makes the area great for walking. By Mexican custom, just about any area open to pedestrian traffic is fair game for street vendors. It can often be crowded, but it is usually fun and always interesting.

Restaurant under a large tree in yet another plazuela. We were finally hungry and the day was warm, so we decided that a meal under the shade of this tree was just the ticket. Alas, it was not to be. What we didn't understand that was this is actually two restaurants. We sat at the tables on the far side of the tree and waited to be served. And waited...and waited. 

Finally, a waiter from what turned out to be the restaurant on the right of the tree came over and told us that our tables belonged to a place that was closed. Unfortunately, all the tables for his restaurant were filled by then. Famished, we finally moved on to find another place to eat.

Another of Guanajuato's innumerable street musicians. This violinist was probably a music student at the university. He was really quite good as he fiddled his way to making a little spare cash. I believe, in the US, this is called "busking".  I tipped him nicely, as I usually do with street musicians. I love that Mexico often provides a sound track for my life.

This completes Part 13 of my series Guanajuato Revisited. I hope you enjoyed it! If so, please leave any thoughts or questions in the Comments section below or email me directly. If you leave a question, please don't forget to include your email address so that I may respond in a timely fashion.

Hasta luego, Jim

 

Guanajuato Revisited Part 12 of 17: Templo de la Compania de Jesus / Oratorio de Felipe Neri, a magnificent 18th century church built by the Jesuits

 

The facade of this old Jesuit church is somewhat deteriorated. Still, enough of the ornate Churrigueresque decorations remain to make it attractive. The church stands next to the Universidad de Guanajuato on the corner of Calle Pedro Lascuraine Retana and Calle del Sol and overlooks the Plazuela del Templo de la Compañia de Jesus. The Templo is the largest in Guanajuato and one of the largest built in Nueva España (Mexico) during the colonial period. 

It is actually known by two different names: Templo de la Compañia de Jesus and Oratorio de Felipe Neri. The reasons for this will be detailed later in this posting. In addition to discussing the architectural features I will outline the history of the church and its relationship with the Jesuit Order and the Busto y Moya family, one of the wealthiest in Guanajuato. 

The facade decorations

Above the main entrance is a panel containing three seated men. They are surrounded by seventeen winged cherub heads, a typical feature of the flamboyant Churrigueresque style. The men are probably important Jesuit figures, but I haven't been able to identify them. This panel is one of three located in ascending levels above the entrance.

Construction of the Templo was authorized by Spanish King Felipe V in 1744. It was designed by a priest named José de la Cruz. Oddly, although he was creating a Jesuit church, he was not a Jesuit himself but a member of the Betlemite Order. The first stone was laid in 1747 on July 31, San Ignacio Day (Ignacio Loyola was the founder of the Jesuit Order). The church was finally completed 18 years later, in 1765. Between then and the early 20th century, it has been remodeled numerous times.

Another figure stands in a niche above the one with three men. The male statue is also unidentified, but it may be Ignacio Loyola, particularly given the importance of the church and the central position of the niche on the facade. The wire mesh in front of the statue is intended to discourage pigeons and their droppings.

The highest panel on the facade may show King Felipe V. Again, I have no specific information on this, but it makes sense that the architects would save a place of honor for the monarch who authorized the construction.

The Naves 

The main nave. There are naves on either side, for a total of three. While the church was designed by Padre José de la Cruz, the construction was supervised by another famous architect, Felipe de Ureña. He is responsible for much of the spread of Baroque architecture throughout Mexico. This church is his most famous project and he labored on it for 18 years.

Many tall, thick columns separate the three naves. They are decorated up their center on each side by carvings in the lush, flowery Baroque style favored by Ureña. The church was built on land donated by the Busto y Mora family. They had also donated the land and original buildings of the Jesuit collegio next door, which later became the University of Guanajuato. 

Josefa Busto y Mora was a patron of the Jesuits and her family paid for most of the church's construction. Some sources credit some of the funding to the Sardaneta family, owners of the fabulous San Juan de Rayas silver mine. (See Guanajuato Revisted Part 11 and Part 8 for the story of Josefa and her family's involvement in the construction of many of Guanajuato's beautiful colonial structures).

The left side nave, looking toward the entrance. The church has nine altars, some of which are accessed off to the sides of the naves. Three of these are made of wood, and have been preserved with their original decorations.

A group of devout Catholics praying. We have found similar scenarios in many other Mexican churches we have visited even when there was no service being conducted by a  priest. When we visited, the covid pandemic was still widespread and many people wore masks.

A richly decorated confessional stands in the left side nave. This one has spots on either side for people confessing their sins to the priest who sits inside. This did not make much sense to me because a priest would probably not be listening to two confessions at once. 

A magnificent organ stands in the choir loft at the rear of the church. The organ dates to 1794. Unfortunately, the church's 29.5m high transept dome collapsed in 1808, due to structural changes ordered by the Mayor of Guanajuato. He wanted to provide more decoration to it but, when the pilasters supporting the dome were narrowed, they could not support the added weight. 

The instrument was not used from then until it was finally restored in 1890. The organ overlooks the right side nave. Behind it, you can see some large paintings of biblical scenes.

The altar area

The main altar stands at the far end of the main nave. The altar is devoted to one of the many versions of the Virgin Mary whose statue stands in the central niche. Although the construction of the great church was finally completed in 1765, the Jesuits were only to enjoy it for two years. In 1767, King Carlos III of Spain ordered the expulsion of Jesuits from his entire Empire.

The expulsion was part of Europe-wide move toward absolute monarchy which resulted in the Jesuit's expulsion from many kingdoms. The monarchs saw the Jesuits, who reported directly to the Pope and not to a king or queen, as a threat to their power. They also envied the great wealth the Jesuits had accumulated. After the expulsion, many monarchs profited greatly from the sale of the Jesuit holdings.

To the left of the niche is a crucified Jesus. This may be one of those created by craftsmen from paste made from corn stalks and shipped throughout Mexico to decorate its many churches. These corn paste statues are amazingly realistic, showing ever detail of the body. The craftsmen were highly skilled indigenous sculptors located in Michoacan.

Following the expulsion of the Jesuits, their great church stood empty for many years. There were already many churches in Guanajuato and the other Orders hesitated to assume the expense of maintaining it. It is also possible that there was a stigma attached to the church because of the expulsion.

Finally, in 1773, a priest of the Order of San Felipe Neri named D. Nicolas Peres de Arquitegui proposed making the church the Oratory of his Order. This is how the church gained its second name: Oratorio de San Felipe Neri. An oratory is a structure, other than a parish church, set aside for prayer and the celebration of mass.

It took another 3 years for King Charles III to approve the takeover by the new Order. In the meantime, Padre D. Nicolas Peres de Arquitegui had gone insane and died in 1785. More years passed before the changeover was complete and the Order could finally use their Oratorio. 

Painting of St. Matthias, carrying an axe. This seemed, at first, to be an odd object for a saint to be carrying around. It is an apparent reference to the method by which he was martyred. St. Matthias was reputed to have been a close associate of Jesus and was selected to be the Twelfth Apostle, replacing Judas.

Plazuela de la Compañia

A woman walks past a remarkable wolf and fish fountain. The sculpture stands just below the Templo de la Compania de Jesus / Oratorio de San Felipe Neri, at the corner of Calle del Sol and Calle Ayuntamiento. I have not been able to find out anything about its history or meaning or the name of the sculptor. It is nonetheless an eye-catching addition to the area.

Water drips from the muzzle of a wolf into a bowl. The face of this wolf reminds me of a similar sculpture from the pre-hispanic Toltec culture (700-1000 AD). I saw it years before in the National Museum of History and Anthropology in Mexico City. There is a long tradition, beginning right at the start of the Conquest, of indigenous craftsmen creating animal images from their own cultures to decorate post-Conquest buildings. 

Fantastic fish support the bottom of the sculpture. These are similar to the fish supporting the fountain at Plaza Baratillo, near the Jardin de la Union. The similarity suggests that the sculptor may be the same person, although I still don't have a name. Water from the bowl under the wolf's head drains down to shoot out of the mouths of the fish.

Cafe Tal

Cafe Tal stands across the street from the former Jesuit church. This little cafe is about as large as a walk-in closet and it was tended by a very cheerful and friendly young woman. She is probably a student at the nearby University, working this job to make ends meet. 

A romantic tragedy occurred nearby in the Plazuela de los Carcamanes. It was named for two brothers who loved the same woman. When one brother was informed by someone in the church of the relationship, he immediately went in search of his sibling and the lady in question. Finding them together, he became infuriated, killed them both, and then committed suicide over their corpses.

The Cafe Tal serves coffee that is not only tasty but well decorated. Carole and I had enjoyed our visit to this famous church and its pleasant little plaza. A nice rest in the shade with a good cup of coffee was just the right touch to end this stage of our visit to Guanajuato.

This completes Part 12 of my Guanajuato Revisited series. I hope you have enjoyed it. If so, please leave any thoughts or questions in the Comments section below or email me directly. If you leave a question, please include your email address so that I may respond promptly.

Hasta luego, Jim

Guanajuato Revisited Part 11 of 17: Mini-Plazas, Unique Museums, Colonial-era Architecture, and Guanajuato's University

Bronze sculpture of Enrique Ruelas Espinoza. The statue was sculpted in 1999 by Mexican artist Glenda Hecksher and is located next to the 18th century Templo San Roque. Enrique Ruelas Espinoza (1913-1987) was a major figure in Mexican theatre and cinema. He was the founder of Guanajuato's world-famous Cervantino Festival, scheduled in 2023 for October 11-29. The Festival grew out of the Guanajuato's University Theater, which Espinoza founded and directed.

In this posting, I will show some of the treasures we encountered as we strolled through the Centro area of Guanajuato. These include small plazas, sometimes called plazuelas, which often include bronze statues of local luminaries. Dotted along the way will be some unique museums, colonial architecture, and the main campus of the University of Guanajuato. Keep in mind that I am only providing a taste of what is here. There is much more to see if you take the time.

Templo San Roque was once the chapel of a hacienda. In 1651, a small chapel was built by the Cofradia de Misericórdias (Brotherhood of Mercy) on the Templo's current site. It was replaced in 1726, when local priest Don José de Sopeña y Cevera built a new chapel for the Hacienda de Beneficio San Francisco Cervera, an ore processing facility. From 1746-1794 the Templo was the home of the Holy School of Christ, described as "an enigmatic religious order initiated by Father Luis Felipe Neri de Alfaro." 

The area in front of the Templo used to be the graveyard of the church but is now called Plaza San Roque. It is surrounded by small stores and private homes whose architecture has survived from colonial times. In 1953, Enrique Ruelas began to use the Plaza for an event that he called Entremés Cervantino. This was the origin of the Cervantino Festival, which was formally established in 1972. Plaza San Roque is still a venue for some Cervantino activities. 

The Templo was built in Baroque style. The interior contains statues of the Virgen del Rosario, San Roque, and Santo Domingo. Unfortunately, we never saw them because the church was locked each time we came by. Below the surface of the Plaza are burial sites for many of those killed in 1810, when Father Miguel Hidalgo's army stormed the nearby Alhondiga, a public granary being used as a fortress by the Spanish royalists. It was the first battle in the War of Independence.

The tree-shaded Plazuela San Fernando is surrounded by restaurants, bars, and cafés. The Plazuela was named after both San Fernando (the saint) and King Fernando VII of Spain (1784-1833). Founded in1863, Plazuela San Fernando has become a venue for exhibitions of books, artwork, and crafts. 

Like nearby San Roque Plaza, this site was at one time part of the Hacienda de San Francisco de Cervera. This area was once called "the ovens", probably because this is where wood-fired ovens were used to process silver ore. 

Calle Positos

Carole walks up a steep callejon (alleyway) on the way to Calle Positos. Many of Guanajuato's streets, like Calle Positos, run parallel along the hills surrounding the city. To get from one to another of these parallel streets sometimes requires trudging up the steep callejones that connect them.

Once on Calle Positos, we soon came to Museo Casa Diego Rivera. This three-story Neo-Classic house was the birthplace, in 1886, of the great Mexican muralist Diego Rivera and where he lived during his childhood. The house was turned into a museum in 1975. Of the three stories, the first floor is decorated with 19th century furniture. The second has seven rooms containing some of Rivera's art work. The third floor has a lecture hall and public library.

Museo de Arte Contemporaneo, Primaro Deposito. This is yet another elegant old home on Calle Positos that is now a museum. Inside is a permanent display of bronze statues by sculptors like Leonera Carrington, José Luis Cuevas and others. Temporary exhibits of other artists are displayed periodically. 

The museum was created by Javier de Jesús Hernández Capelo as a way to promote art in Guanajuato through the cooperative efforts of artists, art directors, and other professionals in the art world. Unfortunately, like the Templo San Roque and the Diego Rivera house, it was closed when we came by. It is always a good idea to check in advance about such things. In Mexico, assume nothing. 

Former home of the Sardaneta family, owners of the San Juan de Rayas mine. The site now houses the Museo del Pueblo (People's Museum). The Sardanetas became one of Guanajuato's immensely wealthy mining families in the 18th century. The San Juan de Rayas mine was so successful that, in 1774, King Charles III awarded the title of 1st Marqués de San Juan de Rayas to the man who headed the family, Vicente Manuel Sardaneta y Legaspi. 

However, the sign to the right of the door dates the house to 1696, well before Vicente caused the family fortune to skyrocket. Pedro Sardaneta, grandfather of Vicente, was the head of the family in 1696 and was most likely the one who ordered the house to be built. The Museo del Pueblo was established in the Sardaneta house in 1979 and has five salons dedicated to paintings of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Entrance to the former chapel of the Sardaneta house. The chapel is located on the upper floor of the house. The Churrigueresque-style entrance was created in 1776. The sculptor may have been Felipe de Ureña, who was a major influence in the spread of this style throughout Mexico during 18th century. His particular take on Churrigueresque even has its own subcategory called felipense. 

Although Ureña is most often credited as the artist who created this entrance, there are some who have doubts. Richard Perry is my expert on Mexican colonial religious art and his research indicates that Ureña may have been in Oaxaca in 1776. Other uncertainties about Ureña include the dates of his birth and death. 

Mural by José Chávez Morado (1909-2002).  This large mural, one of three by Morado in the chapel, is entitled "Fractured Pilaster". It depicts scenes from the end of the Viceroyalty period and the beginning of the Independence War. 

Morado was a member of the generation that followed the great muralists of the 1930s, including Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros. He has been called the last of Mexico's great muralists. Although Morado took some classes early in his career, he was largely self-taught.

Universidad de Guanajuato

The Museo del Pueblo stands next to the University of Guanajuato. Above, a young woman walks out of the narrow slot that is Calle Positos into the light and the airy space in front of the University's main building. At the point where the woman is stepping, Calle Positos ends and Calle Pedro Lascurain de Retana begins. It is not unusual for the name of a Mexican street to change several times along its length. 

A magnificent staircase rises up to the main entrance. As I related in Part 8 of this series, the University originated as the Holy Trinity School, founded in 1732 by Josefa Teresa de Busto y Moya, a prominent figure in another of Guanajuato's wealthy mining families. 

Josefa donated 7500 pesos of her own money and one of her houses to get the school started. In addition, she raised funds from other mine owners to provide for on-going operations. The Jesuit Order was brought in to run the school, because they had made it part of their mission to create educational institutions for the children of the elite in Nueva España (Mexico).

During the film "Once Upon a Time in Mexico", starring 

Antonio Banderas, Salma Hayek, Johnny Depp and others, I was surprised to see this grand staircase appear briefly, because the movie was set in Mexico City. Artistic license, I guess. 

Calle Pedro Lascurain de Retana passes in front of the University. In the next block, you can see the campanario (bell tower) of the Oratorio de Felipe Neri, one of Guanajuato's most magnificent churches. Pedro Lascurain de Retana (1674-1744) was one of the University's co-founders. He had emigrated from Spain to Guanajuato in the late 17th century. After entering the mining business at a young age, Pedro became very successful and soon became part of the town's wealthy elite.

When Pedro Lascurain de Retana died in 1744, his will donated four haciendas to provide the school with on-going financial support. That same year, after a twelve-year delay, King Felipe V gave the school the Crown's official approval. However, in 1767, King Carlos III banished the Jesuits from Spain and all its possessions. The school was closed, but finally reopened after 18 years. 

Young lovers enjoy a moment in another plazuela. Behind them, a spectator looks on with amusement. It's not clear whether he was amused at the kiss or at me for taking the photo. 

After it re-opened in 1785, the school gained the support of Guanajuato's Mayor Antonio de Riaño y Bárcenas, who provided classes and professors and added courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry and French. Unfortunately, in 1810 the Mayor was killed in the battle at the Alhondiga. However, others stepped forward to keep the institution going in the succeeding decades . 

In 1827, the state government took over the school and its name was changed to "College of Immaculate Conception". In addition, Guanajuato's State Governor Carlos Montes de Oca decreed that higher education should be paid for by the state. In 1867, the name of the school was changed again to "National College of  Guanajuato". The school finally got its current name, "University of Guanajuato", in 1945. As of 2023, the University offers 13 doctorate programs, 39 masters degrees and 65 bachelor's degrees to 17,000 students.

This completes Part 11 of my Guanajuato Revisited series. I hope you enjoyed it and, if so, that you will please leave any thoughts or questions in the Comments section below or email me directly. Please remember to include your email address so that I may respond in a timely manner.

Hasta luego, Jim